Frequently Asked Questions...
Why is light sucked into a black hole?
I know light is given off by excited electrons moving energy states, it has no mass, but why is it sucked into a black hole? How can gravity trap light?
Answer:
Much of what you were taught is valid even under the terrible constraints of a black hole. The speed of light is, indeed, the fastest any object can go. Gravity is an interaction between two masses. Photons (light particles) are massless. Then, how does a black hole’s gravity trap light or, more generally, how can gravity influence light?
"This is deep water," says Rod Nave, physicist at Georgia State University but suggests thinking about how gravity bends light.
We first tested Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity with this effect. His theory predicted that a massive object, like the Sun, would bend light. Sure enough, during the solar eclipse of 1919, we observed the light from a star behind our Sun only because the Sun’s gravity field bent the star’s light. Otherwise, the Sun would have blocked the starlight. So, we have observed gravity influencing light.
The reason behind gravity’s ability to bend light is something called the principle of equivalence. Einstein stated we can’t tell the difference between the effects of gravity and those of a reference frame (like an elevator) that’s smoothly accelerating with the same acceleration as gravity.
A ball released in an elevator rising with 1G (32 feet/sec/sec or 9.8 m/sec/sec) acceleration will look exactly like it’s falling from a person’s hand in a stationary room. The ball will get closer and closer to the rising elevator floor until it hits.
Thus, the released ball in the rising elevator has an "inertial mass", which is exactly equivalent to its "gravitational mass" when it falls to the ground.
Moreover, photons have inertial mass (similar to that of air particles moving in the wind). Photons, for example, bop against a solar sail. The sail moves away from the bounced photon like a struck punching bag.
Since photons have inertial mass, they have an equivalent gravitational mass. Gravity influences light (for instance, bending it) via the photon’s gravitational mass.
Inside a black hole, gravity is so extreme it can bend light back down into the black hole. "It’s like the trajectory of a tossed baseball that has no chance of escaping Earth," says Nave.
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