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Laboratory centrifuge by hi joiney
(1646, 'Operation br A 19th century hand cranked laboratory centrifuge br Increasing the effective gravitational force will more rapidly and completely cause the precipitate pellet to gather on the bottom of the tube The remaining solution is called the supernate or supernatant br The supernatant liquid is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate or withdrawn with a Pasteur pipette The rate of centrifugation is specified by the acceleration applied to the sample typically measured in revolutions per minute RPM or g The particles settling velocity in centrifugation is a function of their size and shape centrifugal acceleration the volume fraction of solids present the density difference between the particle and the liquid and the viscosity br The use of a centrifuge is known as centrifugation br Types br There are various types of centrifugation br Differential centrifugation often used to separate certain organelles from whole cells for further analysis of specific parts of cells br Isopycnic centrifugation often used to isolate nucleic acids such as DNA br Sucrose gradient centrifugation often used to purify enveloped viruses and ribosomes and also to separate cell organelles from crude cellular extracts br There are different types of laboratory centrifuges br Microcentrifuges br devices for small tubes from 0 2 ml to 2 0 ml micro tubes up to 96 well plates compact design small footprint up to 30 000 g br Clinical centrifuges br devices used for clinical applications like blood collection tubes low speed devices br Multipurpose benchtop centrifuges br devices for a broad range of tube sizes high variability big footprint br Stand alone centrifuges br heavy devices like ultra centrifuges br Many centrifuges are available with or without cooling function There are different providers of laboratory centrifuges like Eppendorf Thermo Heraeus Thermo Sorvall Hettich or Sigma br Design br A large laboratory centrifuge br Laboratory centrifuges are used in chemistry biology and biochemistry for isolating and separating solids from liquids in a suspension The solids can be insoluble compounds biomolecules cell organelles or whole cells They vary widely in speed and capacity They usually comprise a rotor containing two four six or many more numbered wells within which centrifuge tubes may be placed br When a suspension in a centrifuge tube is centrifuged the solids settle at the bottom of the centrifuge tube having a tapered wall helps to concentrate the solids making it easier to decant the supernatant solution leaving the solids br Generally spoken there are two main types of rotors br Fixed angle rotor br The rotor mainly made of aluminium is very compact There are boreholes with a specific angle like 45 within the rotor These boreholes are used for the sample tubes br Swing out rotor horizontal rotor br The rotor looks like a cross with gondolas called buckets Within these buckets different tubes can be centrifuged For a safe centrifugation a specific adadpter for every tube shape is mandatory br The rotor is closed by a rotor lid The rotor is located in a rotor chamber which is covered by a metall centrifuge lid The open lid prevents the motor from turning the rotor when the rotor chamber is open During the run the lid is locked The lid protects the user from being injured by touching a rapidly spinning rotor The rotor chamber and the lid of high quality centrifuges are robust enough to survive a rotor failure at full speed This robustness protects the user and the laboratory from crashing fragments in case the rotor fails catastrophically After a rotor crash a centrifuge should not be reused as the enormous forces during a crash may have damaged essential parts of the device br The rotor must be balanced by placing samples or blanks of equal mass opposite each other Since most of the mass is derived from the solvent it is usually sufficient to place blanks or other samples of equal volume As a safety feature some centrifuges may stop turning when wobbling is detected automatic imbalance detection see Safety br Centrifuge tubes br Centrifuge tubes or centrifuge tips are tapered tubes of various sizes made of glass or plastic They may vary in capacity from tens of millilitres to much smaller capacities used in microcentrifuges used extensively in molecular biology laboratories The most commonly encountered tubes are of about the size and shape of a normal test tube 10 cm long Microcentrifuges typically accommodate microcentrifuge tubes with capacities from 250 l to 2 0 ml These are exclusively made of plastic br Glass centrifuge tubes can be used with most solvents but tend to be more expensive They can be cleaned like other laboratory glassware and can be sterilized by autoclaving Plastic centrifuge tubes especially microcentrifuge tubes tend to be less expensive Water is preferred when plastic centrifuge tubes are used They are more difficult to clean thoroughly and are usually inexpensive enough to be considered disposable br Microcentrifuge tubes br Microcentrifuge tube with Coomassie Blue solution br Microcentrifuge tubes or microfuge tubes are small cylindrical plastic containers with conical bottoms typically with an integral snap cap They are used in molecular biology and biochemistry to store and centrifuge small amounts of liquid As they are inexpensive and considered disposable they are used by many chemists and biologists as convenient sample vials in lieu of glass vials this is particularly useful when there is only a small amount of liquid in the tube or when small amounts of other liquids are being added because microcentrifugation can be used to collect the drops together at the bottom of the tube after pipetting or mixing br Made of polypropylene they can be used in very low temperature 80 C to liquid nitrogen temperatures or with organic solvents such as chloroform They come in many different sizes generally ranging from 250 L to 2 0 mL The most common size is 1 5 mL Disinfection is possible 1 atm 120 C 20 minutes and is commoly performed in works related to DNA or microbes where purity of the sample is of utmost importance Due to their low cost and the difficulty in cleaning the plastic surface they are usually discarded after each use br Eppendorf tube has become a genericized trademark for microfuge tubes or microcentrifuge tubes Eppendorf is a major manufacturer of this item but is not the only one br Three microcentrifuge tubes 2 mL 1 5 mL and 200 L for PCR br Four screw top microcentrifuge tubes br Safety br The load in a laboratory centrifuge must be carefully balanced Small differences in mass of the load can result in a large force imbalance when the rotor is at high speed This force imbalance strains the spindle and may result in damage to centrifuge or personal injury Some centrifuges have an automatic rotor imbalance detection The control software immediately discontinue the run when imbalance appears br Before starting a centrifuge an accurate check of the rotor lockage as well as the lid lockage is mandatory Centrifuge rotors should never be touched while moving because a spinning rotor can cause serious injury Modern centrifuges generally have features that prevent accidental contact with a moving rotor as the main lid is locked during the run br Because of the kinetic energy stored in the rotor head during high speed rotation those who have experienced the loss of a rotor inside of an ultracentrifuge compare the experience to having a bomb explode nearby citation needed br When handling dangerous samples like biohazard the lid of the rotor needs to have a special gasket aerosol tight to prevent contamination of the laboratory The rotor can be loaded with the samples within a hood and the rotor lid is fixed on the rotor Afterwards the aerosol tight system of rotor and lid is transferred to the centrifuge Fixation of the rotor within the centrifuge is done without opening the rotor lid again After the run the rotor incl lid is removed from the centrifuge to the hood closed system for further steps br Theory br Protocols for centrifugation typically specify the amount of acceleration to be applied to the sample rather than specifying a rotational speed such as revolutions per minute The acceleration is often quoted in multiples of g the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth s surface This distinction is important because two rotors with different diameters running at the same rotational speed will subject samples to different accelerations br The acceleration can be calculated as the product of the radius and the square of the angular velocity br Relative centrifugal force is the measurement of the force applied to a sample within a centrifuge This can be calculated from the speed RPM and the rotational radius cm using the following calculation br g RCF 0 00001118 r N2 br where br g Relative centrifuge force br r rotational radius centimetre cm br N rotating speed revolutions per minute r min br To avoid having to perform a mathematical calculation every time one can find nomograms for converting RCF to rpm for a rotor of a given radius A ruler or other straight edge lined up with the radius on one scale and the desired RCF on another scale will point at the correct rpm on the third scale Example Based on automatic rotor recognition up to date centrifuges have a button for automatic conversion from RCF to rpm and vice versa br See also br Centrifuge br Centrifugation br Gas centrifuge br Separation br Ultracentrifuge br References br Chemical Stability of Disposables pdf Applications Note 05 Eppendorf June 2005 http www eppendorfna com utilities enewsletter asp ENLUID e200606 amp REFUID AP04 160 br External links br Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centrifuge br Look up centrifuge in Wiktionary the free dictionary br RCF Calculator and Nomograph br Centrifugation Rotor Calculator br Selection of historical centrifuges in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science br v 160 160 d 160 160 e br Laboratory equipment br Glassware br Beaker 160 Bchner funnel 160 Burette 160 Cold finger 160 Condenser 160 Conical measure 160 Cuvette 160 Dropping funnel 160 Eudiometer 160 Gas syringe 160 Graduated cylinder 160 Pipette 160 Petri dish 160 Pycnometer 160 Separatory funnel 160 Soxhlet extractor 160 Watch glass br Flasks br Bchner 160 Erlenmeyer 160 Fleaker 160 Florence 160 Retort 160 Round bottom 160 Schlenk 160 Volumetric br Tubes br Boiling 160 NMR 160 Test 160 Thiele 160 Thistle br Other br Agar plate 160 Aspirator 160 Autoclave 160 Bunsen burner 160 Calorimeter 160 Chemostat 160 Class II cabinet 160 Colony counter 160 Colorimeter 160 Laboratory centrifuge 160 Crucible 160 Fume hood 160 Glove box 160 Homogenizer 160 Hot air oven 160 Incubator 160 Laminar flow cabinet 160 Magnetic stirrer 160 Microscope 160 Microtiter plate 160 Picotiter plate 160 Plate reader 160 Spectrophotometer 160 Static mixer 160 Stir bar 160 Stirring rod 160 Scoopula 160 Thermometer 160 Vortex mixer 160 Wash bottle br See also Instruments used in medical laboratories br Categories Laboratory glassware Centrifuges Laboratory techniques Unit operationsHidden categories Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking historical information All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008')
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